Sunflower meal: GOST, composition, manufacturers. Cake - what is it? Product obtained after pressing vegetable oil

Meals and cakes are types of the most common basic waste technical production aimed at processing.

Usually, the difference between cake and meal is insignificant, since they are obtained during production sunflower oil and other food products.

These by-products, thanks to great content minerals, vitamins and useful components are not recycled, but are actively used in agriculture as . The most effective and efficient way to use them is in complementary foods, the health of which is extremely dependent on the amount of protein consumed.

The components they contain, amino acids and protein, can compete with expensive feed from. At the same time, the fiber content has a positive effect on the digestibility of food and. But, despite the apparent identity of these foods, there are still differences between them. Therefore, for their correct use, first of all, you need to understand what meal is and what is their peculiarity. True, no less important issue is also how cake differs from meal.

What is sunflower cake

Waste from the main processing industry has proven itself as excellent feed product, obtained as a result of simple secondary processing. Cake is just such a feed additive. But what it is, and what kind of feeding it is, still needs to be figured out.
It is obtained by crushing sunflower seeds at the stage of squeezing them, and this residual product is rightfully considered one of the most important and valuable components of almost any compound feed for farm animals and birds.

Did you know? A few decades ago, cake could only be found in bulk, but by now its production has been organized in granular form. Thanks to special technology, it is distinguished by a uniform brown color and a soft, oily smell.

Sunflower cake, which can be used for feeding sheep and many other domestic animals, has a high protein concentration, crude fat, fiber and other components.

It is thanks to its composition and nutritional value product, the metabolism in the body of farm animals improves, and the gain of fat mass and growth of animals is significantly accelerated. Compound feed with the addition of sunflower processed products has big energy value, rather than cereal feed formulations.
However, it is worth considering the fact that the cake passes technological processing, which is why the quality of the final product directly depends on the initial quality of the processed sunflower seeds.

Important! The process of choosing sunflower cake must be approached extremely carefully. This is due to the fact that if the production technology is disrupted, it will become toxic and unsuitable for use as a feed.

Description of sunflower meal

Recently, the popularity of plant-based feeds has been noted, among which sunflower meal occupies one of the main places. But many people still wonder: “What is this?”
- a product that is one of the most valuable feeds, widely used in one or another area of ​​agriculture. Its use makes it possible to significantly increase the speed of raising domestic animals and poultry.

Did you know? More than 9 million tons of this product, extracted from sunflowers, are produced annually in the world. At the same time, the leading producing countries include Argentina, Russia and Ukraine, and active sales are carried out throughout the world.

Often, this food can be given to animals not only in pure form, but also as part of multi-component feeds.

But what is meal? In the most common definition, it is product of the main industrial production sunflower oil. There is a difference between regular and toasted, that is, thermally processed food.

Externally, this feed product is presented in the form of granules and/or powder with a distinctive, characteristic aroma.

The composition of sunflower meal is multicomponent and includes fiber, natural proteins, phosphorus, potassium, vitamins and various minerals and supplements. It is noteworthy that it is a particularly valuable food, containing more than 35% crude protein, less than 15% husks, and no more than 1.5% fat.
Along with this, there is a deficiency of lysine, although this is easily compensated by high concentrations of vitamins B and E. Among other things, this feed product is extremely rich in niacin, choline, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine.

Important! The use of sunflower meal is sometimes not only inappropriate, but also prohibited, since this product includes chlorogenic and quinic acids.

To summarize: product differences

Now that everyone has an idea of ​​what sunflower meal is, it should still be noted that these two products have certain differences, determined mainly by the method of their preparation.

Most of the inconsistencies between the above products lie in their composition and method of secondary processing production waste.

In modern realities, the technology of the main production of sunflower processing is reaching its apogee, due to which the quality of secondary raw materials differs slightly, and, as a result, the differences between cake and meal are insignificant.

Did you know? The popularity of both described types of feed in modern agriculture is almost equal, as evidenced by the almost identical share of sales on the domestic market. Based on this, we can conclude that the efficiency of using meal and cake in agriculture is quite high.

First of all, you need to understand that meal is obtained using extraction method, that is, by dissolving the residues of the main production in gasoline compositions, and the cake, in turn, by pressing. Because of this, it is different appearance stern.

The next distinguishing parameter between cake and meal is fat content, which is also worth considering when determining what the difference is between them.
In fact, this difference is a consequence of the production method, since the pressed cake almost completely retains the remaining fat from the vegetable waste of the main production and can contain up to 15%. Meal, dissolved in gasoline formulations, loses part of the fatty component during processing and contains only up to 2-3%.

Due to the high protein content, soybean cake and meal are widely used in feed for various livestock. ABOUT beneficial properties Every person knowledgeable about animal husbandry knows these products. Is soybean meal harmful or not, as well as the production of soybean meal, what is the difference from meal and the benefits.

From this article you will learn:

What is soybean meal

Cake and meal are waste from technical production and soybean processing, which are of interest as a component of livestock feed. Meal differs from a tax in that it is a waste product of oil extraction, rather than pressing. Therefore, the latter contains approximately 2 times more fat, but both offal have a lot of protein - up to 50% of the composition. This protein is characterized high quality, excellent digestibility. In addition, when feed is enriched with this component, the amount of manganese, zinc, phosphorus, iron, and calcium in the composition increases.

Soybean products

Cake or meal?

The production of soybean meal is becoming an increasingly popular part of agriculture these days. This product is not only nutritious and healthy, but also more affordable than meal. Moreover, in comparison with meal it has the following advantages:

• supplements the diet of pigs required quantity linoleic fatty acid without oversaturation with additional oils;
• inferior in crude protein content, but provides up to 8 times more crude fat;
• inclusion in the diet increases the absorption of vitamins A, D, E by up to 12%;
• the aroma and taste of feed become more pleasant for animals;
• 3 times higher lecithin content makes food more valuable and increases absorption efficiency nutrients from its composition;
• feed with soybean cake is less stratified during transportation and storage and has less dust.

Is soybean meal harmful or not: Quality indicators

• Crude protein – 40%.
• Crude fiber – 7%.
• Humidity – 7-10%.
• Ash content – ​​1.5%.
• Urease activity – 0.01 pH.
• Nitrates – 450 mg/kg.
• Nitrites – 10 mg/kg.
• Metal impurities: up to 2 mm – 0.01%, more than 2 mm – no.

Soybean meal production

The above advantages present soybean meal as a very useful and effective product, but in practice livestock farmers do not always achieve the expected effect. The fact is that, in an effort to increase their own profits, manufacturers use various “loopholes” during processing.

First of all, the price of such food is determined by its high protein content. Accordingly, a good supplier sells a product with a large proportion of this substance. To do this, he himself purchases high-protein soybeans, and during the processing process he separates the seed shells from it. Here a third step may creep in, which is not the best for the consumer - squeezing out excess fat. Because of it, the beans are roughly processed, and urease activity decreases. As a result, food is less digestible in monogastric animals. Moreover, they have less nutritional value.

Unscrupulous producers go even further and try to minimize their own costs by worsening the quality of the offal. To convince the consumer, scientific and economic justifications are used for various actions: adding lupine, bran, grain waste, urea, feed yeast, etc.

How to detect adulteration of soybean meal

1. Adding lupine. The impurities are given a bright yellow color, clearly visible against the pale background of the main component (it may have brown inclusions). Lupine impurities also give off a bitter taste.
2. Adding bran or grain waste after processing. For high-quality mixing, the meal is highly crushed, which raises suspicions. GOST 27149-95 defines a 7% sieving limit on a 1 mm sieve. The buyer has the right to return the shipment if it does not meet the requirements of the state standard.
3. Adding carbamide (urea). This measure increases the protein content, but creates the risk of ammonia poisoning of animals. When the cake mixture mixed with urea is poured with boiling water, a characteristic ammonia smell appears. To establish falsification, the Barnstein or Kjeldahl methods are used.
4. Adding yeast. The product takes on a yeasty smell and an unnatural brown tint. And the pieces of yeast are clearly visible.
5. Adding peas. The food acquires a grayish tint, clearly visible when comparing a batch with a high-quality mixture, and a noticeable bitterness in taste.

Soybean cake: areas of application

Like meal, soybean cake is used as an additive to feed mixtures for fish, cattle, pigs, and poultry. High protein content increases animal productivity, for example, increases milk yield and fat content cow's milk. In comparison with analogues from other plant raw materials, soybean derivatives are distinguished by more vitamin B, protein, amino acids with less fiber.

Sunflower meal is a fairly valuable feed product that is widely used in agriculture. Thanks to the application sunflower meal, the productivity of birds and animals can be significantly increased.

In this article we will tell you about sunflower meal, what it is and how it should be used.

Sunflower meal - what is it?

Few people know what sunflower meal is. Sunflower meal is one of the results of processing in the production of sunflower oil, which is obtained through the process of pressing and subsequent extraction of sunflower seeds. Pressing is the process by which the oil is squeezed out from sunflower seeds. And extraction is the separation of residual oil after pressing seeds using organic solvents. As a result, in sunflower meal after pressing, the residual oil is at the level of 1.5-2%. The density of sunflower meal is 600 kg/m3.

Useful properties and composition of sunflower meal

Sunflower meal contains up to 2% oil, as well as 30-42% protein and fiber.

Did you know?The carbohydrates that make up the meal are presented in the form of sucrose.

The composition is deficient in lysine, but sunflower meal contains virtually no anti-nutrients, unlike other types of meal. Compared to soybean meal, the arabinoxylan index in sunflower meal is 117, which ensures high protein digestibility. Also, sunflower meal contains much more vitamin B than soybean meal.

To whom and in what doses is sunflower meal added to the diet?

Sunflower meal is used as feed for birds, animals and fish. It can be used both in pure form and as an additive to animal feed.

Who can give sunflower meal?

If you use sunflower meal as feed, it increases the productivity of animals and also improves the quality of livestock products. For example, the fat content in milk and daily milk yield increase in cows. The main consumers of sunflower meal are birds, namely broiler chickens. They begin to use it from the age of 7 days.

Unlike other types of meal, the advantage of sunflower meal is that it is highly resistant to damage by mycotoxins, which, in turn, virtually eliminates the possibility of damage from its use.

For poultry farming, it is best to choose meal with a minimum amount of husk.

Did you know?If you feed laying hens with feed based on sunflower meal with a high level of fiber, then daily weight gain and feed consumption are significantly reduced.

Standards for adding meal to the “menu” of animals

We have found out what meal is, but it is also important to understand in what quantities to add them to the diet. The quality of sunflower meal depends very much on the proportion of shells that are in it. Crude fiber it contains about 18%, therefore, when drawing up feed formulations for pigs, this is a limiting factor, and it is necessary to enrich sunflower meal with other additives. Sunflower meal is very rich in methionine.

Young cattle are given up to 1-1.5 kg of sunflower meal, cows - 2.5-3 kg, and pigs - up to 0.5-1.5 kg. Laying hens in summer can be given up to 35 g of sunflower meal per individual, and in winter - up to 10 g. The specific gravity of sunflower meal is 0.6 g/m3, it must be given dry, after grinding, or moistened, before distribution to animals.

Harmful properties of sunflower meal: how excessive consumption of the product can harm

We figured out how to get and how to use sunflower meal. This is great food additive for both birds and livestock. Despite all its beneficial properties, sunflower meal may not contain large number useless or harmful components, for example, mercury, lead, nitrates, T-2 toxins.

Important!The permissible percentage of these components is determined by GOST

Impurities such as earth, pebbles or glass should not be contained in sunflower meal. Therefore, if you decide to purchase sunflower meal, then choose a trusted manufacturer so that it is produced in accordance with GOST.

Storage conditions for sunflower meal

Sunflower meal can be stored either in bulk in covered premises or in stacks in bags. Direct sunlight should not fall on the product. The room in which sunflower meal is stored must be equipped with a ventilation system. If the meal is stored in bulk, it must be stirred periodically. And if in bags, then they should lie on pallets or racks. Also, the meal should not heat up by more than 5 °C compared to the ambient temperature.

Sunflower meal is a feed product used in agriculture. Its use is necessary to increase the productivity of animals and birds, which increases the profitability of the farm. The product is very useful for them, so it is included in the diet of animals. Meal is fed in its pure form, as well as in a mixture with mixed feed.

Animal nutrition also includes other foods rich in vitamins and minerals. They should be given regularly so that the organism quickly gets stronger. This allows you to raise healthy animals, which is necessary for any farm.

Species

Sunflower meal is presented in the form by-product production of sunflower oil. The raw material is ordinary seeds. By properties finished product like cake. Meal happens:

• Sunflower.
• Rapsov.
• Soev.

• Arakhisov.
• Mustard.
• Corn.
• Hemp.

Although the products look similar, their composition is different. Protein is found in large quantities in sunflower and soybean meal. They also contain vitamins B and E, phosphorus and potassium. Each of these products is useful. If animals receive various types meal, then they will develop fully.

Usage

The use of meal is in demand as feed for the growth of animals and birds. The product is useful for normal growth. There's a lot in it useful substances needed by living organisms. On farms, animals are given sunflower meal. The protein contained in the product serves to gain muscle mass and improved growth.

The product contains up to 60% protein. Moreover, the proteins are complete in amino acid content. According to them, meal is even healthier than cereals. The protein is enriched with amino acids such as cystine, lysine, traptophan and methionine. The product also includes another valuable component - fiber. It is needed for good digestion of food.

Sunflower meal includes mineral microelements. This food is enriched with phosphorus and potassium. It contains zinc, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt. Among the vitamins, meal includes B, E and A. The meal also contains oil residues. It is better in quality than feed.

Product benefits

Sunflower meal as a product has the following advantages:

• Improves animal metabolism.
• Increases the digestibility of other foods.
• Reduces the risk of death.
• Restores average daily growth.
• Strengthens the immune system.
• Improves condition.
• Improves the quality of meat and milk.

Adult animals digest food better in crushed form, and young animals are given the product in ground form (dry and moistened). Meal is included in mash.

Compound

Animals should be given high-quality sunflower meal. GOST 11246-96 defines it as compliance with standards. The product is presented in the form of a gray or brown mass, which consists of oil, fiber and trace elements. The composition of sunflower meal is enriched with elements necessary for birds and animals:

• Protein - from 39%.
• Fiber - up to 23%.
• Energy value - 0.968.
• Crude fat - 1.48.
• Ash - up to 1%.

If the product has exactly this composition, then it meets the requirements of GOST. The meal sold in our country is of high quality. Its composition is regulated by GOST 13496.

Harmful components

Granulated sunflower meal is considered very useful product. Because of unique composition it is used in animal husbandry as well as poultry farming. But, like any product, meal may also contain some harmful substances. Their permissible quantity established by GOST.

The product may contain:

• Residual solvent - 0.1%.
• Lead - 0.5%.
• Mercury - 0.02%.
• Nitrates - 450 mg/kg.
• T-2 toxin - 0.1%.
• Volatile substances and moisture - 7-10%.

The feed should not contain impurities in the form of glass, earth or stones. Humidity cannot be more than 6%, otherwise the meal will mold and rot.

Manufacturers

Meal is produced in different countries peace. Moreover, Russia is in a leading position. The product is also produced in Ukraine. Argentina, South Africa. In Russia, meal is produced by oil extraction plants and fat plants. Popular manufacturers include:

• MEZ "South of Rus'".
• "Aston".
• "Agrocomplex".
• "Atkar oil extraction plant"
• "Miller".

Large suppliers of meal are such enterprises as August Agro, TC Agroresurs, Vesta. The Russian Institute of National Problems carried out work to study domestic feed for GMO content.

A black list has appeared, which includes companies producing sunflower meal. GMO products were found in the products of the manufacturers “Prioskolye”, “Cherkizov”, “BEZRK-Belgrankorm”. Although the content of such components is not prohibited, the companies listed on the list did not notify the buyer about this.

GOST standards

Enterprises must comply with the rules established by the standards not only regarding the composition of products. GOST regulates quality:

• Raw materials used for preparing meal. The seeds must comply with GOST 22391.
• Packaging: the meal is packaged in paper bags that meet the standards of GOST 2226. The weight of the product cannot be more than 30 kg. Meal can be sold in bulk.
• Marking is applied in accordance with GOST 14192. Bags must contain the inscription “Keep away from moisture.” If products are sold in bulk, then the characteristics must be indicated in the documentation.

The bags can contain granulated and bulk meal. The cost of production varies, depending on the manufacturer that produces sunflower meal. The price is in the range of 10 - 15 thousand rubles per ton.

Meal and cake

Sunflower seeds are used to prepare another healthy food - cake. Compared to meal, it has a different production option. The cake is created by squeezing the seeds. Extraction does not work with it. Therefore, the products differ in composition. The cake contains more valuable components. It is added to feed.

Sunflower history

So, the meal contains seeds. The use of products for animal feeding began a long time ago. Sunflowers were first grown in North America. There is evidence that it has been cultivated there for more than 5 thousand years. The plant appeared in Europe around 1500 thanks to the import of seeds by the Spaniards. In Russia, sunflower began to be used as an oilseed crop.

In 1900, our breeders began to develop new varieties. Their seeds contained up to 60% oil, and previously they contained about 28%. In addition to sunflower meal, other types of meal are now produced. For example, soy. This is a very healthy food. But a lot of GMO soybeans are also produced. But genetic breeders almost never work with sunflower. Farmers produce conventional varieties and hybrids. Sunflower is better than soybeans because of its unpretentiousness to soil and climate.

Storage rules

Transportation of sunflower meal is carried out by different types of transport. It is only important that it is disinfected and clean. Meal is stored in bulk in covered premises. Products should not be exposed to sunlight.

The warehouse for storing feed should be equipped with ventilation. Bulk meal must be mixed regularly. Bags should be placed on racks or pallets. The meal should not be allowed to heat up more than 5 degrees compared to the environment. Products must be stored according to GOST for 3 years.

Feed selection

Feed for farm animals helps them develop properly. Only then can we expect good results from livestock farming. When raising animals, feeding is important, as it affects growth and development. That’s why choosing food that contains the necessary vitamins and minerals is so important.

There are many being produced now different types feed There are also different feeding methods. Their selection is an important procedure. You need to choose feed for farm animals based on:

• Breeds.
• Gender and age characteristics.
• Directions of cattle breeding.

It is important to choose foods that are enriched with vitamins and minerals. It is also important to choose a feeding schedule and ensure that drinking water. Its consumption is determined by the time of year, gender and age characteristics. Approximately 4-20 liters of liquid are required. Whatever food is used, it is necessary to periodically adjust the diet.

Types of feed

There are many types of animal food. Feed rye is considered the main cereal grain. The product is rich in protein. Grain is used as concentrated feed in livestock farming.

Feed corn is also used as animal feed. It can be concentrated and rough. The product is used as the main feed. Corn is considered a universal grain that provides animals with essential vitamins.

Feed barley is used in pig and poultry farming. It contains proteins, carbohydrates, fiber. It also contains amino acids. Animals are fed beet molasses, which is obtained from beets using starch hydrolysis. It is usually added to combined animal feeds. Molasses is enriched with mineral and nutritional components.

Beet pulp is obtained by extracting sugar from sugar beets. The main value of the product is the large amount of carbohydrates. Animal nutrition must be of high quality and varied, so the diet includes various feeds, such as meal. This allows you to raise healthy and strong livestock.

The seeds of some crops, in particular sunflower, are raw materials for oil production. After the entire procedure, cake or meal remains. These products, having nutritional value, are used as feed for raising animals: pigs, chickens, horses, rabbits and others. What is such waste, and what is the difference between cake and sprat? Let's try to find out.

Definition

Cake– plant mass remaining after pressing oilseeds.

Cake

Schrot– waste resulting from oil extraction production.

Comparison

So, in the process of seed processing, pressing can be used using special equipment. What remains in this case after the oil comes out is cake. It breaks up into dense plates, unequal in size. Before adding them to livestock feed, they are brought to the desired state: crushed or softened in hot water. The cake can be sold already crushed into powder or granulated. In this form, it is permissible to include it in nutritional mixtures without preparation.

The difference between cake and meal lies in the composition itself. The first product contains significantly more residual fats. This is explained precisely by the press technology of oil extraction. Meanwhile, in terms of protein content, meal wins. This product is a by-product of extraction. We are talking about extracting oil from seed raw materials by introducing some kind of solvent. The latter is completely evaporated from the mass at the end of the process.

The meal turns out crumbly, reminiscent of flakes. Often at the final stage of production it is converted into granules using appropriate devices. This makes it easier to pack and transport the meal. In general, the feed quality of the products in question is determined by the type of seeds undergoing processing and the accompanying subtleties of oil production.

What is the difference between cake and meal regarding their shelf life? When comparing feed products from this position, one should, on the contrary, emphasize their similarities. Both products are hygroscopic. If the humidity is high, they can go rancid and become unsuitable for animal consumption. If dry and ventilated conditions are provided, the food of the named species may not lose its valuable qualities up to three months.