There is mold in the cellar, how to get rid of it. How to grow porcini mushrooms yourself in the basement or cellar at home. Technologies and techniques for growing mushrooms in closed, dark rooms - temperature conditions and humidity levels - Grow be

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Conclusion

=> How to lay cables in the basement => => publish => open => closed => => prokladka-kabelya-v-podvale-85 => => => 2016-01-18 17:00:55 => 2016-01-18 13:00:55 => => 0 =>?p=2464 => 0 => post => => 4 => raw => index,follow)) => 1 => -1 = > => WP_Post Object ( => 2464 => 2 => 2015-08-15 16:18:08 => 2015-08-15 12:18:08 => We install wiring in the basement If you want to minimize the number of utility networks in the residential area of ​​your home, then laying the wire through the basement can be a good solution. Because thanks to this arrangement, you not only reduce the risk of electric shock to the residents of the house, but also greatly simplify the tasks associated with its installation. Although it is worth noting that. Installing electrical wiring in the basement has its own characteristics, which we will talk about in this article.

• When choosing a basement as the location for your utility networks, it is advisable to locate distribution points here as well. In our case, this is an electrical panel that provides power to all groups of your electrical network. Its location in the basement has certain limitations, but they are easily feasible and will not require additional capital investments: First of all, we note that any electrical panel should be located in a place convenient for maintenance. At the same time, there must be sufficient lighting in this place. IN in this case

, according to VSN 59-88, this should be at least 30 lux when using incandescent lamps and at least 200 lux when using fluorescent lamps.

• Note! This is slightly higher than for conventional basement lighting, which, according to VSN 59-88, should be only 10 lux when using incandescent lamps and 200 lux when using fluorescent lamps. The next important point, which is mandatory for any location of the shield, is its location on a fireproof base. In this case, the shield itself must be made of fireproof materials and have doors with a lock. Besides, prerequisite
• If your basement is prone to flooding, you should consider installing the electrical panel above the flood level. By the way, this rule also applies to the installation of electrical wiring in the basement. But in any case, if you do not have a special niche for the electrical panel, then, according to clause 11.6 of VSN 59-88, the height of its location should be at least 2.2 meters from the floor level.

Note! The distance from the distribution panel to any pipelines must be at least 500 mm. At the same time, in the room in which the shield is installed, the temperature should not fall below +5°C, and the room itself should have natural ventilation.

• Our instructions do not recommend placing electrical panels under kitchens, toilets and showers due to possible flooding. In addition, shut-off and control valves for pipelines and gas networks must not be placed above electrical panels.

Laying cable lines in the basement

Open method of installing wiring in the basement

Note! If your basement is damp, then use metal boxes and corrugations, according to Table 2.1.2. PUE (Electrical Installation Rules), prohibited. This is due to the possibility of the formation and accumulation of water in such boxes and pipes, which can lead to a decrease in the insulation resistance of the wires.

• At open method For installation, pipes or boxes made of fireproof materials should be used. When using protected cables or cables in a protective sheath, installation directly on structural elements is possible. IN in some cases installation on insulators lined with fireproof materials with a thickness of at least 10 mm is possible.
• If the wiring location runs parallel to hot pipelines, then it is necessary to provide protection against temperature effects or use wires with an appropriate design.
• When laying wiring and pipelines in parallel, the distance between them must be at least 100 mm. If this is a gas pipeline, then the distance to it must be at least 400 mm.

• When simply crossing electrical wiring and pipelines, the distance between them should be at least 50 mm, with a gas pipeline at least 100 mm. In addition, if the distance between the wires and the pipe is less than 250 mm, then they must be additionally protected from mechanical damage. At the same time, if you do the installation yourself, then provide a margin of protection of at least 250 mm on each side of the pipeline.
• When using boxes and pipes, the possibility of moisture formation and accumulation in them should be excluded.
• When installing wires on insulators, the passages through structural elements should be additionally insulated with an insulating pipe. In addition, the passage of wires from one room to another should be sealed with fireproof materials. This is necessary to eliminate the possibility of fire spreading through these utility openings.

Hidden method of installing electrical wiring

• You can install electrical wiring in basements using a hidden method on fireproof structures by directly laying any wire. But if there are combustible structures, then you should use a lining of fireproof materials or use pipes and ducts. Agree, if you do not have special channels for these purposes, then this work is quite labor-intensive.
• It is important to note that the use of ventilation ducts for electrical wiring is not permitted. In the worst case, crossing such channels with single wires is allowed.
• The remaining rules for installing hidden wiring are mandatory when installing any wiring in any premises:
  1. In places where there are turns and connections of electrical appliances or taps, it is necessary to leave a supply of wire sufficient for reconnection.
  2. All connections must be made by soldering, welding or bolting. The use of twisting is prohibited.
  3. When installing wiring, it is recommended to use only right angles to avoid problems in the future.

Conclusion

Since mushrooms do not need sunlight, unlike photosynthetic plants, they can be grown in completely dark rooms. The only thing that will distinguish such mushrooms from their forest brothers is a lighter, and sometimes completely white, cap.

To avoid this effect, you can turn on fluorescent lamps for 1-2 hours a day in the room where mushrooms are grown during the ripening period of porcini mushrooms. An ideal place with constant temperature and humidity for growing porcini mushrooms can be a cellar or basement. If you are thinking about how to grow porcini mushrooms at home, then this is a good option, but compared to hanger mushrooms or champignons, the process of growing them is a little more complicated.

To grow porcini mushrooms at home using an intensive method, you will need a cool room, such as a basement or cellar, where it is possible to maintain high air humidity.This is the most labor-intensive stage in the process of growing porcini mushrooms, preparation of the substrate (see another section of the site

). It is important to strictly follow the instructions, since the successful cultivation of porcini mushrooms largely depends on the quality of the nutrient medium. It is advisable to prepare the substrate outdoors under a canopy that protects it from rain and sun. However, you can also use a room for this, but it must be well ventilated, since when the components ferment in large quantities

First, you need to soak the substrate in a container for a day. Then lay it in layers with sand in a stack (3-4 layers of both). In addition, during the stacking process, each layer of substrate must be additionally moistened (a total of 300-400 liters of water per 100 kg of substrate) and gradually added 0.5 kg of oak or birch shavings and 2 kg of pine bark.

In order to grow porcini mushrooms at home, as seed material Only high-quality, sterile mycelium (mycelium), grown in special laboratories, is suitable. But you can grow it yourself -see another section of the site. The industry produces grain and compost mycelium of porcini mushroom. The grain is produced in plastic bags and is stored for up to 6 months at a temperature of 0-4°C. For 1 m² (about 100 kg of substrate) you will need 350-400 g of grain mycelium.

Compost mycelium is produced in glass jars. At 0°C it can be stored for about a year, and at 18-20°C – no more than 20 days. Compost mycelium is less susceptible to external negative impacts however, it is less productive than grain crops. About 500 g of compost mycelium is consumed per 1 m² of area.

Before inoculation, the substrate should be heat treated or pasteurized. A properly prepared substrate should spring back slightly when pressed by hand. After pasteurization, it is cooled to 24-25°C and poured into boxes in a layer of 25-30 cm. Approximately 1 m² of usable area will take about 100 kg of substrate.

The method of inoculation is outrageously simple. A handful of grain mycelium or compost mycelium of a porcini mushroom the size of an egg is deepened by 4-5 cm, for which the substrate is raised with a peg. Such holes are arranged in a checkerboard pattern. The distance between the holes should be 20-25 cm. Grain mycelium you can simply scatter it over the surface and sprinkle it on top with a layer of substrate (4-5 cm).

During the incubation period, the air humidity in the room should be at 70-95%. To maintain moisture inside the substrate, the boxes can be covered with burlap or newspaper and sprayed carefully so that water does not get into the substrate and mycelium. You should also control the temperature inside the substrate, the optimal level is 20-27°C. If the temperature is higher or lower, it is necessary to ventilate the room accordingly, or raise the temperature in it.

After 8-12 days, when the mycelium has grown, the surface of the substrate should be covered with covering soil (3-4 cm). The composition of the cover soil can be as follows: 1 part chalk + 9 parts peat (this is the most effective mixture) or 5 parts peat + 1 part chalk (limestone) + 4 parts garden soil. For 1 m² of substrate area you will need approximately 40-50 kg of cover soil.

Mushrooms are not profitable, but amateur gardeners do not give up and are mastering more and more new ways of growing porcini mushrooms. The difficulty is that mushrooms are not plants, and therefore conventional methods of growing plants do not apply to them. On a personal plot, porcini mushrooms can be grown both directly in the garden and in the basement or cellar. Mushrooms do not require photosynthesis, so they can be grown in dark rooms. A special feature of porcini mushrooms artificially grown in the basement are lighter, and sometimes completely white, caps. This is their only difference from porcini mushrooms growing in natural conditions In the woods. To grow porcini mushrooms, the room where they will be cultivated must meet certain requirements.

What should a room for growing mushrooms look like?

When adapting a basement for mushroom growing, you should keep in mind that it is desirable that the ceiling and walls in the basement be concrete. And to avoid infection by fungi, the ceiling and walls should be whitewashed with lime. Underground premises have a relatively stable climate, with slight fluctuations in temperature and humidity. But growing mushrooms requires high humidity in the room, so if it is not enough, additional humidification will be required. The air temperature in the basement should not be too high; for normal mushroom growth it is +14-17°C. In addition, porcini mushrooms require increased ventilation of the room. To prevent pests from entering the ventilation openings, they should be sealed with mesh.

There is room, what next?

To grow porcini mushrooms, in addition to the premises, you will need a substrate where they will be cultivated, and seeds - mycelium. Dry corn stalks, buckwheat and sunflower seed husks, and hardwood shavings can be used as a substrate. Important condition– the substrate must be free from rot and mold. The substrate is prepared in one of three ways:
- hydrothermy (the substrate is treated with hot water);
- xerothermy (dry substrate is treated with steam);
- pasteurization (the moistened substrate is treated with steam).

To grow porcini mushrooms at home, you only need high-quality material grown in the laboratory. Further, following the planting technology and the rules for caring for myceliums, after 18–25 days you can harvest the first harvest.

What mushroom hunting is, all “hunters” know, who are just waiting for the onset of autumn to go into the forest for the gifts of nature.

Disinfection can be carried out in four ways:

1. Fumigating the basement with a sulfur bomb.
2. Whitewashing the cellar walls with lime and copper sulfate.
3. Spraying the room with formaldehyde solution (4%).
4. Treatment with chlorophos (if vegetables were previously stored in the basement, which led to the appearance of fruit flies and other pests).

After disinfection, do not forget to ventilate the basement. For further prevention, it is recommended to place a box at the entrance filled with sawdust soaked in disinfectant.

• Racks for growing mushrooms. They should be made of metal with a plastic coating (so as not to rust).
• Cellar ventilation. We will definitely equip the cellar with a ventilation system: it will eliminate carbon dioxide released from the substrate in which the mushrooms grow. To prevent insects from entering the cellar, we cover the pipes with a fine-mesh mesh.
• Basement lighting. Many mushrooms grow well in the dark, so just screw in one light bulb that will illuminate the cellar while you work there. But there are mushrooms that require additional lighting, so the basement should be equipped with fluorescent light bulbs.
• Humidity and temperature in the basement. How should a basement for growing mushrooms be equipped in terms of temperature and humidity? For this you will need a hygrometer and a thermometer.

In summer, the air temperature in the cellar (15-23°C is needed) is easily regulated with the help of ventilation, but for growing at other times of the year it is necessary to provide it with additional heating. Humidity in the basement can be reduced by ventilating it, and increased by spraying the floor and shelving with a spray bottle.

For mushrooms to grow healthy, the humidity in the room should not be less than 80%.

If you have a large basement, divide it into two zones: for incubation (spreading the mycelium over the substrate) and forcing the mushrooms.

The temperature in the first zone should be within 23°C, in the second – 17°C. By moving boxes from one zone to another when necessary, you will grow mushrooms continuously: while the mycelium grows in one half of the boxes, the mushrooms themselves grow in the other.

If you have a basement in a private house, you can use the cellar to store produce from your garden plot, or you can grow it there. It sounds incredible, but there are many types of vegetables and plants grown in basements.

A well-equipped cellar is suitable for growing champignons, as well as herbs such as parsley or dill, truffles, growing oyster mushrooms, porcini mushrooms, strawberries and strawberries and much more. If desired, such production can be perceived as a business with considerable income.

The most common, besides growing oyster mushrooms in the basement, are champignons. Let's look at ways to grow champignons in the basement.

The technology for growing champignons in the basement of a house is one of the common technologies for underground mushroom cultivation and does not require complex preparatory work.

All over the world, underground mushroom growing is perceived as the norm, and in our conditions this method of obtaining mushrooms is also quite possible. There are no special requirements other than good ventilation, since the basement has an optimal microclimate and a slight change in humidity and temperature parameters.

Usually an ordinary cellar is adapted for growing champignons; it is only important that its walls are concrete. The floor is concreted or filled with cement screed. To avoid the appearance of mold and fungal infections, the walls and ceiling are whitened with lime with the addition of copper sulfate.

Ventilation holes or pipe outlets are mounted with a special fine-grained mesh to prevent small pests from entering the room during the warm season.

Features of home growing champignons

Growing champignons is not a difficult job, but it requires certain knowledge and proper skills in the technologies used.

There are a number of factors on which the harvest of mushrooms depends - proper compost, timely and sufficient watering of the mycelium, maintaining an optimal microclimate, pest control and various types of diseases.

If all these conditions are met, growing champignons in the basement is quite labor-intensive.

Preparing a room for growing mushrooms

The cellar must be insulated from drafts that interfere with maintaining a certain temperature and humidity in the underground. Before growing champignons, it is important to arrange proper ventilation, since at the chemical level there is a replacement carbon dioxide for oxygen.

Carbon dioxide is formed during the decomposition of compost substrate. As a rule, a supply and exhaust air exchange scheme is installed. Its arrangement in the basement requires special attention.

The cellar room is pre-disinfected, since mushrooms are vulnerable to many diseases and infections. As a rule, I use sulfur fumigation, whitewashing surfaces with lime and vitriol, or spraying with a 4% formaldehyde solution.

The soil in the basement is also treated to prevent possible contamination, and the bottom of the surface where the compost will be placed is lined with some material on which the cultivation itself will take place in boxes.

Before entering the basement, a disinfectant box is installed, filled with sawdust with disinfectant impregnation. After all the work, the room is ventilated and the main work begins.

Substrate preparation

When growing mushrooms at home, preparing the substrate is one of the most labor-intensive stages. There are quite a few videos in the public domain because it is quite difficult process. It is necessary to follow the instructions for its composition exactly to get a good harvest.

A quarter of the compost is made from rye or winter wheat straw, and the rest is diluted with horse manure. For 1 quintal of straw, 2 kg of urea and superphosphate, 8 kg of gypsum and 5 kg of chalk are taken. After this, horse manure is added and approximately 300 kg of substrate is obtained.

This amount is enough for 3 square meters of cultivation. If it is impossible to get horse manure, use bird or chicken manure. But this will negatively affect the yield of champignons, which are very picky about the basis for growing.

The substrate is made outdoors under a canopy. The straw must be soaked in water for a day and placed in stacks under a canopy along with manure. It is recommended to use urea and superphosphate to impregnate the layers. Then the whole mass is thoroughly mixed, with other components added to the substrate.

Immediately after mixing, the fermentation process begins, and after just three days the temperature in such a stack rises to 70 degrees above zero. The height of such a mass is about a meter, as well as its length. The length is about 1.2 m. After three weeks the compost is ready.

Technology for growing champignons in the basement

To obtain a bountiful and healthy harvest, it is necessary to use only sterile mycelium as the main material. They are grown in special laboratories, and for 1 square meter of substrate it is necessary to take 0.5 kg of compost mycelium or 0.4 kg of grain.

Planting mycelium

Immediately before planting, you need to check the substrate again for springiness. To do this, take a handful of mycelium and lower it to a planting depth of 5 cm. The holes are placed at a width of 20 cm in a checkerboard pattern relative to each other. The grain mycelium simply crumbles over the surface.

Mycelium care

During the entire rooting period, it is necessary to maintain temperature and humidity (70-95%) in the cellar. To do this, the box with the mycelium is covered with newspaper and constantly sprayed with a spray bottle. The substrate temperature must be at least 27 degrees above zero.

After a week, you will notice an increase in mycelium. At this stage, the surface is covered with a layer of 3-4 cm of soil. This will reduce the temperature to 12-17 degrees. At the same time, the surface is also constantly moistened and drafts are prevented.

Harvesting

After 3-4 months, the first harvest is ready for harvest. You should collect only those mushrooms whose caps have a stretched white film under the surface that connects the champignon stem to the edges of the cap. Mushrooms with a brown plate are discarded and should not be eaten under any circumstances.

When collecting champignons, there is a certain nuance - they are twisted out of the mycelium, and not cut. The fruiting period is about two weeks, during which up to 8 waves of harvest are harvested. The yield is about 12 kg per square meter. Approximately 70% of the total harvest occurs in the first three waves.

Prevention of champignon diseases and pest control

By fulfilling the mandatory requirements for planting and caring for the mycelium, you can avoid diseases inherent in mushrooms. But it’s better to play it safe and carry out treatment to prevent infection.

At the very initial stage, one of the preventive measures was the disinfection of the basement or cellar, equipment and tools - everything that affects the growth and yield of mushrooms.

When composting, it is necessary to prevent the ingress and interaction of compost with the soil. Compost is prepared on a paved area or asphalt. During the growth of the mycelium, indicators of aeration, humidity and temperature should be monitored. Overheating of the compost is unacceptable.

The coated material is an excellent breeding ground for fungus or mold, the proliferation of various microorganisms. Steam thoroughly.

All work with the mycelium begins in the same sequence as during planting. It is necessary to clean the space around the mushrooms being grown - the remains of mushrooms, manure, pieces of the substrate mixture, etc.

If the disease has nevertheless penetrated into the orderly rows of mushrooms, then it must be localized and cleaned up as soon as possible. The most common occurrence is brown spotting - brown and cinnamon unpleasant spots appear on the snow-white caps of mushrooms. This spreads very quickly, so it is very important to hurry with treatment.

Another type of fungal disease is their mummification - they become covered with a gray coating, dry out and have an unpleasant odor.

The source of infection can only be covering material, compost substrate or the remains of previously collected mushrooms. As soon as a container is affected by something, it should be immediately isolated from others.

Halogen in the form has proven itself well in the fight against bacteria. different solutions. Its 1% solution is shed over the rows of mycelium. Growing mushrooms in the basement is not limited only to champignons; it is quite possible to grow porcini mushrooms in the cellar yourself.

How to grow porcini mushrooms in the basement

Just like champignons, porcini mushrooms grow well in an artificial environment. For their abundant harvest, intensive propagation technology is used.

Preparing the premises

Preparing the cellar for growing porcini mushrooms is very similar to the scheme of preliminary work on the propagation of champignon mycelium.

There are slight differences in temperature and humidity. Such mushrooms love a temperature of about 12 degrees Celsius and a humidity of about 80%. It is also demanding of oxygen, so the room must be thoroughly ventilated.

The incubation period of the fungus does not require light, but as soon as the fruits appear, provide them with sufficient lighting for at least 5 hours a day. There are no requirements for the light source - it can be either artificial or natural lighting. The power of the lamps does not need to be very high to avoid overheating from such light.

Seedling

For quality seedlings best options There will be the use of special mycelium grown in laboratories. This method is called Dutch, since it is the technologists of this country who are recognized as the best in the propagation of porcini mushrooms.

Using wild natural material will not produce germination, but if you really want to, you can take a chance by collecting the fruits or soaking the mycelium in water.

Landing

Porcini mushrooms are propagated in boxes or bags filled with substrate. Experts recommend using boxes with substrate. Its composition is standard - a mixture of hay, seed husks or corn cobs, and an admixture of sawdust. This mixture is sterilized and placed in boxes in layers.

The bags or boxes themselves are placed at a distance of 5-6 cm from each other. Cuts are made in the bags for ventilation.

The room temperature should be raised to 25 degrees Celsius; lighting is not required. You should also not ventilate the room, but make sure that the humidity is not more than 90%. After germination, the temperature is lowered to 10 degrees Celsius, and a series of ventilations begins.

The mycelium is irrigated twice a day warm water. Turn on the lighting for 5-6 hours, in which case the harvest will be ready in 3 weeks. The work of cleaning the premises from debris should become a constant task, and one should strive for sterile cleanliness.