Food traditions of the peoples of the world. Food culture of different European countries

With the development of human civilization, belief systems also developed, and in the first millennium AD, the three largest religious systems that are now considered were formed. These religions, like most less common beliefs, include not only a set of tenets of faith, but also a whole complex of rituals, rules and moral and behavioral norms that every adherent of the religion must adhere to. All religious systems in one way or another regulate the lives of all adherents of the faith, establishing norms and rules of behavior in various situations and dictating attitudes towards certain things and phenomena. And of course, Almost all religions pay a lot of attention to such an important aspect as human nutrition culture.

Even in prehistoric times, when people adhered to primitive beliefs, a significant influence of religion on food culture was already visible, manifested in the traditions of ritual meals, donations of food to deities, food restrictions on certain days and in abundant feasts in honor of religious holidays. In modern religions, there are many more norms and rules governing the nutrition of adherents of the faith than in primitive ones. The sacred books of world religions and in numerous works and treatises of outstanding religious figures spell out a whole set of recommendations, restrictions and prohibitions regarding food. Let us consider the features of the food culture of adherents of the most widespread religions in the modern world.

Christian food culture

Modern Christianity takes its origins from an older religion - Judaism, therefore adherents of these two religions draw knowledge about faith from the same book - the Bible. However, if Jews recognize only the Old Testament, then Christians believe that many of the rules and norms established in the Pentateuch of Moses lost their relevance after the appearance of the New Testament, the books of which were written down by the companions and followers of the new prophet - Jesus Christ. And since in all of Christ’s sermons one of the main themes was love for others, the need to forgive and the condemnation of others, the rules that Christians must adhere to are significantly simpler and more loyal than the norms of behavior of Jews.

The food culture of Christians is considered in its entirety since it is governed by the same rules that affect other areas of life. In particular, one of the main virtues of Christians is moderation, and adherents of this religion must observe this quality in everything, from their attitude to the financial sphere of life to the consumption of food. And vice versa, Gluttony in Catholic Christianity is considered one of the 7 sins, leading to the destruction of the soul.

According to the teachings of Christ, every follower of his must put God and faith in the first place in his life, therefore Christians are recommended to pay more attention to spiritual development, and not neglect the spiritual in favor of the material. Based on this, A Christian's food should be simple and satisfying, so that a person can satisfy his hunger and get energy from it for godly deeds.

There are no special prohibitions on eating certain foods, so Christians can tailor their diet according to personal preferences and moderation. The only exception to this rule is dishes made from carrion and dishes containing animal blood. However, based on the fact that in the national cuisines of both Russians and Europeans, dishes with blood are not very popular, and not only the Bible, but also doctors do not advise eating carrion, we can say that the rules regarding the choice of foods in Christianity very loyal.

Christianity is also loyal to alcohol - adherents of this religion are allowed in reasonable quantities. Moreover, it is important that alcohol can not only be present on the festive tables of Christians, but also plays an important role in the ritual part of the Christian religion - in particular, the sacrament of communion includes the consumption of wine, symbolizing the blood of Christ.

One of the most important elements of food culture in Christianity is the need to fast. During Lent, every Christian should focus as much as possible on spiritual development and learn to pacify their physical desires by eating plant-based foods. In different branches of Christianity, the tradition of observing fasts varies - for example, Catholics observe Lent (40 days before Easter), Advent (4 Sundays before Christmas), and also abstain from eating food of animal origin every Friday, while Orthodox Christians fast more than 200 days a year , but different posts differ in severity.

Muslim food culture

The tenets and rules of Islam strictly regulate the food culture of Muslims and determine which foods are allowed to be eaten and which are prohibited. According to this teaching, All food is divided into three groups: halal (permitted foods), haram (forbidden foods) and makrooh (food the consumption of which is not directly prohibited in the Koran, but is not advisable to eat). The list of prohibited foods in Islam includes the following:

There are several versions why Muslims cannot eat pork, entrails and meat from predators. Most religious scholars and Islamic leaders are of the opinion that these animal products are “unclean”, since the diet of pigs and predators includes substances that can harm human health, and the internal organs of any animal are capable of accumulating heavy chemical elements. Some historians believe that the answer to the question of why Muslims cannot eat pork lies in the climatic factor. They explain their version by the fact that the weather is hot most of the year, and eating fatty meat in the heat is very unhealthy.

No less important component of Muslim food culture than the division of all products into three groups is fasting. . In Islam, there are two types of fasts: the obligatory fast of Ramadan and the recommended fasts (all Mondays and Thursdays, 6 days in the month of Shawwal, all full moon days, the 9th - 11th of the month of Mukharam and the 9th of the month of Dhul-Hijjah). During fasting, Muslims are prohibited from eating any food or drink during the day (from the time of morning prayer until sunset). During Ramadan, adherents of Islam eat only in the dark, and the fasting diet should not include fatty, fried or overly sweet foods.

Buddhist food culture

Unlike the monotheistic religions of Christianity and Islam, Buddhism is a religion in which there is no concept of sin, which means there are no prohibitions. However, the sacred texts of Buddhists contain a number of recommendations that should help adherents practice the Noble Eightfold Path and achieve Enlightenment. Some of these recommendations also concern nutritional culture.

The Eightfold Path is also called the Middle Path, that is, the path in which there are no extremes, therefore Buddhists are advised to practice moderation in everything, including diet. And since Enlightenment is impossible without renouncing material and physical attachments, Buddhists must learn to perceive food only as a source of energy, but not as a source of pleasure.

Vegetarianism is encouraged in Buddhism however, it is not obligatory - according to the teachers of this doctrine, every adherent must come to the refusal of the meat of killed animals himself. However, Buddhists are discouraged from seeing animals killed or eating the meat of any animal that has been slaughtered specifically for them. For example, a Buddhist will never hunt and will not accept a bird or game killed during a hunt as a gift.

Have you ever wondered how some people manage to stay slim and healthy so well? Perhaps it’s all about the food traditions accepted in their country. Here are the best tips, collected from around the world, to help you stay fit.

1. India: spices and variety of tastes

About 40 percent of the Indian population follows a vegetarian diet and prefers a menu consisting of rice, pulses, vegetables and bread. And even those who do not give up fish and meat do not forget to eat many vegetable dishes.

Of course, Indian food is best known for its spices, which are added to almost all dishes. However, spicy food also has its benefits. So chili peppers, with a low calorie content and strong taste, increase the metabolic rate and help burn fat.

Pulses such as lentils and chickpeas contain less fat and more protein, which helps us feel fuller longer.

According to the Ayurvedic tradition, the key to satiation is eating a mixture of the 6 basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, pungent and astringent.

2. France: Eat a little of what you like

The secret to slim French women is to enjoy their food, but... a little at a time. Although their diet is high in fat and includes butter, cheeses and red meat, portion sizes remain quite small.

The French are also quite organized when it comes to eating, sticking to three meals a day, not snacking, and making every meal a social occasion. Lunch is the main meal of the day and people take time to really enjoy their food.

This helps with weight control, firstly because chewing food for a long time gives your stomach time to understand when you are full, and secondly, if your main meal occurs in the middle of the day, then you have more time to eat. that actively burn calories.

Also, do not forget that the French prefer home-cooked food rather than ready-made semi-finished products. Also in France, it is customary to drink one or two glasses of wine a day, which has a positive effect on health.

3. Japan: start with soup

Japan has the lowest obesity rate in the world, less than 5 percent. The traditional diet in Japan is one of natural, fresh foods such as rice, vegetables, fresh fish and soy, with very little meat and sugar.

The Japanese eat a variety of foods, up to 30 foods a day, and follow the saying “a dish without color is like going naked on the street.” By filling your dish with green, yellow, and red vegetables, you'll have less room for unhealthy foods.

The Japanese also start their meals with a light soup, which is very satiating and contains a small amount of calories. Studies have shown that those who ate soup during meals consumed 100 fewer calories.

Another rule that the Japanese follow is: " leave the table when you are 80 percent full"If you overeat, your stomach stretches by 20 percent, and this significantly undermines appetite control.

4. Greece: Enjoy the Mediterranean Diet

The Greek or Mediterranean diet has long won the title of healthiest in the world, being especially good for the heart.

Greeks tend to eat a lot of vegetables, fish, chicken and beans, as well as whole grains. Such food, being low in calories, is still rich in taste. And don't forget about olive oil, rich in unsaturated fats and good for health.

Just like the French, the Greeks like to make eating a real event by sharing dinner with family and friends, so if you want to get the most out of the Mediterranean diet, relax and enjoy your meal.

5. Iceland: Don't skimp on fish

Around the world, the average person eats about 15 kg of fish per year. If you think this is quite a lot, try comparing this figure with the amount consumed by real fish lovers - Icelanders, who eat about 90 kg of fish per year.

Experts believe that eating plenty of fish helps control weight in a variety of ways. First, fish is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, essential fats that block fat formation, control appetite, and activate fat-burning genes.

Some experts even claim that you can increase your chances of weight loss success by taking fish oil four times a week.

For those who still prefer the taste of fish, it is worth choosing fatty fish, such as herring, rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce stress levels, which increases fat accumulation.

6. Brazil: Eat rice and beans

The Brazilian secret to slimness lies in your favorite dish - rice and beans. This traditional dish is low in fat and rich in protein and fiber, helping stabilize blood sugar levels and control appetite.

A diet rich in rice and beans reduces the risk of obesity by 14 percent when compared with a traditional Western diet.

Research shows that adding rice and beans as a side dish to your meals can help you lose weight and reduce your risk of weight gain by up to 23 % . These foods are best eaten with soup, salad, and stew.

TRADITIONAL WEEKLY DIET

FOOD IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

(photo report)

The culture of nutrition, preparation and consumption of food is one of the most ancient areas of culture, which is also distinguished by stability and great tradition, and by the way the people eat, one can judge a lot about the culture and the country. And also about per capita income

American photographer Peter Menzel traveled to 46 countries of the world for a year and a half (but never got to Russia) and asked local families to show what they eat during the week and the cost of it

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Menzel chose average families - based on income, number of children and lifestyle.

Let's look at itHungry Planet project :

German family Melander from the town of Bertihyde. The cost of food for a week for 4 people was 375.39 euros (500 dollars and 7 cents). This family's favorite food: fried potatoes with onions, bacon and herring, fried noodles with eggs and cheese, pizza, vanilla pudding. The photograph shows that the diet is dominated by meat, bread, vegetables, and a huge amount of alcoholic and non-alcoholic store drinks. I wonder if only the father of the family drinks these drinks or the whole family?

The Kutten-Casses family is from the town of Erpeldang, Luxembourg. The cost of food for a week for 4 people was 347.64 euros (465 dollars and 84 cents). Family favorite food: shrimp pizza, chicken in wine sauce and Turkish kebab. The photograph shows that bread, pizza, alcohol, and fruit predominate: Only the poor used to eat so much bread and baked goods. But nowadays bread is more expensive than many products, pizza, spaghetti, muffins, sushi and other rubbish - this is not for satiety, but for status: belonging to the middle class

The Lemon family from Montreux, France. The cost of food for a week for 4 people was 315.17 euros (419 dollars and 95 cents). This family's favorite food: carbonara pasta, apricot pies, Thai food. The photograph shows that factory products and some fruit predominate: a purely female diet, and the man apparently adapted

The Brown family from Riviere View, Australia. The cost of food for a week for 7 people was AUD 481.14 ($376.45 cents). This family's favorite food: Australian peaches, pie, yogurt. The photo is dominated by a huge amount of meat, store-bought drinks and refined foods, fruits. Meat, with potatoes and vegetables, eggs and bananas for dessert - this is good nutrition, if you discard factory-made ketchups and yogurt

The Melanson family is from Iqaluit, Canada (Arctic Territory). The cost of food for a week for 5 people was $345. Favorite family food: narwhal and polar bear meat, pizza with cheese, watermelon. The photograph shows that meat, fish, vegetables, and factory products predominate. Not bad either - in the foreground it looks like there is a huge pile of lard, as well as potatoes and vegetables for salads. This food is closest to Russian, only the narwhal meat can be replaced with chicken

The Revis family is from North Carolina, USA. The cost of groceries for a week for 4 people was $341.98. Favorite family food: spaghetti, potatoes, sesame chicken. The photograph is dominated by chips, pizzas and a huge amount of refined foods, meat and processed meats, and store-bought drinks:

The Ukita family is from Kodaira Town, Japan. The cost of food for a week for 4 people was 37,699 yen (317 dollars and 25 cents). Favorite family food: sashimi fish dish, fruit, cakes and chips. The photograph is dominated by fish products, sauces and specific Japanese food:

The Madsen family is from the settlement of San Nore, Greenland (autonomous territory of Denmark). The cost of food for a week for 5 people was 1928.80 Danish kroner (277 dollars and 12 cents). The family's favorite food: polar bear and narwhal meat, seal stew. The photo is dominated by meat and factory products:

The Bayton family is from Clinbourne, England. The cost of food for a week for 4 people was 155.54 British pounds (253 dollars and 15 cents). Family favorite food: avocado, sandwiches with mayonnaise, shrimp soup, chocolate cake with cream. The photo is dominated by chocolate bars, refined foods and some vegetables:

Al-Hagan family from Kuwait. The cost of food for a week for 8 people was 63.63 dinars (221 dollars and 45 cents). Family favorite food: Chicken with basmati rice. The photo is dominated by fruits, vegetables, pita bread, eggs and some strange boxes:

The Casales family is from Guernovaza, Mexico. The cost of food for a week for an individual was 1,862.78 Mexican pesos ($189.9 cents). Family favorite food: pizza, crab, pasta (pasta) and chicken. The photo shows that fruits, bread, a huge amount of Coca-Cola and beer predominate:

The Dong family is from Beijing, China. The price of food in China for a week for 4 people was 1,233.76 yuan or 155 dollars and 6 cents on the day of purchase. What do the Chinese eat? Chinese family's favorite food: Fried pork with sweet and sour sauce. The photograph is dominated by fruits, vegetables, meat, and refined foods:

The Sobrzynsz family from the town of Konstcin-Rzesorna, Poland. The cost of food for a week for 5 people was 582.48 zlotys (151 dollars and 27 cents). Family favorite food: pork feet with carrots, celery and parsnips. The photo shows that the set is dominated by vegetables, fruits, chocolate bars and animal food:

The Celik family is from Istanbul, Türkiye. The cost of food for a week for 6 people was 198.48 Turkish lira (145 dollars and 18 cents). Favorite family food: fluffy Melahat cookies. The photograph is dominated by bread, vegetables, and fruits:

The Ahmed family is from Cairo, Egypt. The cost of food for a week for 12 people was 387.85 Egyptian pounds (68 dollars and 53 cents). Family favorite food: lamb okra. The photo is dominated by vegetables, fruits, herbs and meat:

The Batsuuri family from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The cost of food for a week for 4 people was 41,985.85 tugriks (40 dollars and 2 cents). Family's favorite food: lamb dumplings. The photo is dominated by meat, eggs, bread, vegetables:

The Patkar family is from Uzhjan, India. The cost of food for a week for 4 people was 1,636.25 rupees (39 dollars and 27 cents). Family's favorite food: Rice Krispies. Vegetables and fruits predominate in the photo:

The Aime family is from Tingo, Ecuador. The cost of food for a week for 9 people was 31 dollars and 55 cents. Family favorite food: Potato soup with cabbage. The photographs are dominated by vegetables, fruits, cereals, potatoes, bananas:

1. Germans and Austrians- they love all types of meat: pork, beef, poultry, venison, but especially pork and eat almost all parts of the carcass (icebain - pork legs). Dishes made from minced meat and lactic acid products, broths, puree soups, and salads are widely used. They are very fond of sausages, sausages, and small sausages, and are used for preparing cold appetizers, second courses and first hot courses. Vegetables are consumed in large quantities, especially potatoes and cabbage (mainly stewed). Various broths are widely used as first courses: with eggs, dumplings, and rice. Fish is most often served boiled and stewed. There is a very wide range of egg dishes. Traditional New Year and Christmas dishes - roast goose, carp. They are partial to all kinds of sweets. Fruit salads, compotes, jelly, jellies, and mousses are very popular. Apple pie is considered the pride of every Viennese. A feature of German and Austrian cuisine is the serving of first courses in small portions. Side dishes for many dishes are served separately from the main products. Food should not be spicy. The national German drink is beer and schnapps (vodka). They drink tea to a limited extent, but they like coffee with milk. It is not advisable to offer lamb dishes and spicy foods.

2. Hungarian cuisine– a varied range of products: meat, dairy, vegetables and fruits. Dishes are prepared in pork lard. Butter is consumed very rarely (only for dietary purposes), and vegetable oil is consumed even less frequently. Hungarians love spicy food and widely use sour cream, onions, and peppers (especially paprika). They eat dishes made from beef, lean pork, offal, and freshwater fish. They love pasta dishes. Pies with berries and cottage cheese sprinkled with powdered sugar. Hungarians drink a lot of fluids. Very few dishes made from minced meat are eaten. Lamb dishes are consumed to a limited extent. A special diet should be taken into account: light breakfasts, lunches and a hearty dinner. After lunch, black coffee is required, accompanied by soda water. They love mineral and fruit water. They eat only white bread. It is not advisable to offer: lamb dishes, cutlets, sea fish, seafood, salmon (red) caviar, herring, sprat, balyk, buckwheat porridge, jelly, rye bread.

3. Bulgarians Among meat products they prefer lamb; they also use beef, poultry, and to a lesser extent pork. Eat a lot of fresh, pickled vegetables and fruits. Meat and vegetables are stewed with hot seasonings - vinegar, garlic, pepper, mint, etc. They use mainly vegetable oil, less often butter and very rarely pork fat. Milk and dairy products, as well as eggs and cheese, occupy an important place in Bulgarian cuisine. The national dish of Bulgarians is feta cheese with white bread and green capsicum. There is a wide range of dough, they eat only white bread. They drink black or oriental coffee. It is not advisable to offer: milk soups, okroshka, borscht, cereal dishes (except rice), dishes made from cutlet mass, rye bread, old potatoes (from June to the new harvest).

4. Polish cuisine In many ways it resembles Russian and Ukrainian cuisine. Cold and hot snacks occupy a large place in Polish cuisine. The assortment of first courses is very rich: various broths, cereal soups, lemon soups with the addition of fresh cucumbers, beer, pickles made from fresh cucumbers, borscht, etc. Instead of bread, first courses are usually served with potatoes or dumplings, pies, and porridge. Favorite second courses are chops and zrazy. Many dishes are prepared from minced meat and offal. A wide range of pies, kulebyaki, pancakes, pancakes, pastries and cakes are offered. Milk, sour cream and cereals (buckwheat, pearl barley, corn) are used in large quantities. It is not advisable to offer lamb dishes, dishes with sauces, rye bread and old potatoes.

5. Romanians they love dishes made from vegetables, corn, dairy products, fish, natural meat (mainly beef, pork, poultry) cooked on a spit. Among vegetables they prefer green beans, beets, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, carrots, and potatoes. Vegetables are used to prepare independent vegetable dishes, salads, and side dishes. A wide range of dishes are prepared from corn: porridge, salads. Corn is combined with various vegetables and fish and meat products. Mamalyga is made from corn flour, a thickly brewed porridge that sometimes replaces bread. Dairy products include cottage cheese, feta cheese and various types of cheeses. Milk is preferred warmed. Among the first courses, broths with rice, semolina, dumplings, noodle soup, borscht, and vegetable soups are common. Romanian tourists or passengers can be offered any dish of European cuisine. Cold mineral water should be offered. Black coffee is served after lunch. It is not advisable to offer dishes made from lamb, minced meat, rye bread, or jelly.

6. Czech and Slovak cuisine rich in dishes made from pork and its processed products (ham, sausages, sausages), chicken and vegetables (potatoes, cabbage), veal, dairy products (cream, sour cream). The most characteristic feature is a wide range of cold dishes and snacks. Sandwiches and canapés with various sandwich mixtures are very popular as snacks. The dough is used to prepare flatbreads, rolls, rolls, pancakes, and crumpets. The first courses include potato soup, noodle soup with chicken, as well as soups with various vegetables. Side dishes for second courses are prepared only from vegetables. Various spices and spices are used to prepare dishes. They drink coffee black and with milk. Czechs love omelettes, scrambled eggs and any egg dishes, as well as sweet dishes prepared with whipped cream combined with chocolate and vanilla. They eat only wheat bread and in large quantities. It is not advisable to offer dishes made from lamb, minced meat, hot fish dishes, seasoned soups and rye bread.

7. Yugoslav cuisine very similar to Bulgarian. Lamb, pork, chicken, and vegetables are widely used in cooking. Dishes made from various types of fish and seafood are widely used. Yugoslavs use pork fat more widely than Bulgarians for cooking dishes and flour products. Kaymak (made from sheep's or cow's milk) is an essential component of many dishes. They love dishes made from meat fried over charcoal. Dairy products are very popular: milk, yogurt, kefir, cottage cheese. Flour products are widely represented: all kinds of pies, rolls, cakes, pastries. The first courses include broths with various side dishes, puree soup from chicken, cauliflower, liver, meat and fish solyanka. Rice and pasta are often used as a side dish. The main hot drink is coffee. It is not advisable to offer boiled meat and fish and rye bread.

8. English They eat a lot of meat: beef, veal, lamb, lean pork and only in its natural form. Roast beef and steak are favorite national dishes (roast beef is prepared without any seasonings), the meat is served with various sauces, marinades, most often served with tomato sauce. Garnish: fried potatoes, mashed potatoes, vegetables. The main vegetables consumed are cabbage and turnips, which are eaten boiled. They love minced meat, it is fried and baked with onions and peppers. Various puddings occupy a large place in the diet. They are prepared as second courses (meat, cereals, vegetables) and third courses (sweet, fruit). Egg dishes, sandwiches and canapés are traditional. The holiday dish is stuffed turkey. The most common first courses are broths and puree soups. Fruits and berries, fresh and canned, are consumed in large quantities. The daily breakfast dish is oatmeal porridge (porridge), which is prepared in water, without sugar or salt. The most popular drink is black, strong tea with milk and sugar. It is not advisable to offer sausages and sausage products, fish soups, jellied fish, caviar, cereal side dishes, flour dishes, dishes with flour sauce (gravy).

9. Scandinavian cuisine (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland). The basics of Scandinavian cuisine are fish and other seafood. Salads, first and second courses are prepared from fish. Beef, veal, and pork occupy not the last place in the diet. Widely used in sandwiches, milk and dairy products. The table is complemented by beans, a variety of vegetables, fruits, and berries. A large assortment of potato dishes is used as an independent dish and as a side dish. The favorite drink is coffee; it is drunk not only after breakfast, but at any time of the day. Popular alcoholic beverages include beer, whiskey, and liqueurs. In all Scandinavian countries, hot food is eaten once a day, during lunch, but which is quite late. The rest of the time they eat sandwiches and a variety of cold snacks. The selection of sandwiches is amazingly diverse. In Denmark, sandwiches are called the king of cuisine (more than 700 types), the “multi-story” sandwich is held in high esteem, and some restaurants specialize only in preparing sandwiches. It is inappropriate to offer: Swedes – pasta; Finnam - cottage cheese and products made from it, as well as deep-fried potatoes.

10. To the French characterized by the consumption of small portions of a variety of dishes prepared in various ways from a wide range of products. A special feature of the preparation of dishes is the use of natural, dry and semi-dry wines, cognac, liqueurs, as well as a wide variety of sauces and sweet dishes. Vegetables are widely used. The French love meat dishes, grilled steak, fish, seafood, vegetable dishes and side dishes, and omelettes. A special place is occupied by salads from fresh and canned vegetables, as well as salads from meat, poultry, and game. The first courses are mainly clear soups and puree soups (national onion soup). The national dish is cheese, and the hot drink is coffee. Dishes made from sea and freshwater fish, as well as seafood, oysters, shrimp, lobsters, and scallops are very popular. From meat dishes - steak with a slightly fried crust and almost raw inside; Among other meat dishes, stew with white sauce is very popular. Among the first courses, leek soup with potatoes and onion soup seasoned with cheese are very popular.

11. Cuisines of the peoples of the Arab countries (Egypt, Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia) Despite some differences, they have many common features in terms of products and cooking methods. Lamb, goat meat, poultry, legumes, rice, fresh and canned vegetables are widely used. A significant place is occupied by dishes from fish, eggs, lactic acid products, especially cheese, which resembles feta cheese. Various spices are used in large quantities: onions, garlic, olives, black and red pepper, cinnamon, aromatic herbs. Vegetable oil, mainly olive, is used for cooking. Heat treatment is typical for Arab cuisine; frying pans are heated to 300 degrees. The diet is twofold: a very hearty breakfast and an equally hearty lunch, before or after sunset. Among the drinks they like tea (strong with thyme), coffee, boiled water with ice, various juices (freshly squeezed), they eat a lot of wheat bread in the form of flatbreads (lavash, churek). It is not advisable to offer pork dishes.

12. Italians Pasta is widely used as food; it is served with meat, grated cheese, and various sauces. They love large quantities of buns made from wheat flour. They use a variety of foods in their diet: vegetables, fish, seafood, beef, lean pork (natural type), poultry, fruits, berries, cheese, legumes. To prepare dishes, they use a lot of different herbs, spices and seasonings, as well as olives, capers, chicory, nutmeg, etc. Breakfast is usually light: bread, cheese, coffee, but lunch is very filling. First courses: puree soups, clear soups and the most popular soups with pasta (ministeroni). Cheese, like pasta, is a favorite food. When cooking, olive oil and rarely lard are used. After dessert they eat cheese and drink coffee. It is not advisable to offer butter, dishes made from fatty pork and minced meat, rye or mixed bread.

13. Peoples of Indochina (Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Burma).

Characterized by a large number of fish and seafood dishes. They eat little meat, and poultry in sufficient quantities. Rice is widely used and served crumbly with meat, poultry, vegetables, seafood, and sauces. The poultry is cooked in sunflower oil. Rice is steamed. Rice flour is widely used. No less popular are dishes made from legumes: beans, soybeans and special green beans. Cottage cheese and soy sauces are made from soybeans. The first courses consist of broths with pies, croutons, rice, vegetables, eggs; vegetable soups, sweet soups with rice. Especially popular is noodle soup (chaomi) with the addition of chicken, meat, seafood, and vegetables. The national hot drink is green tea, made from cold sweet fruits, water and fruit juices. It is not advisable to offer mineral water and rye bread.

14. Chinese Along with fresh ones, dried, pickled and dried products are used in large quantities. Dishes are prepared in vegetable oil and chicken fat, using sauces and spices. Marine products predominate (jellyfish, shrimp, sea cucumbers and cuttlefish) and plant products (soybeans, bamboo, rice, lotus). They eat dishes made from beef, pork, chicken, ducks, fish, mushrooms, vegetables, and also love dumplings and noodles. Rice is very popular. Green tea is drunk very hot without sugar throughout the day. Sweet dishes are served between hot ones. The national dish is black (slaked in lime) eggs. It is not advisable to offer dishes made from lamb, milk, dairy products, freshly salted fish products (caviar, herring), cheese, butter, potatoes, mineral water, as well as dishes prepared with ghee and margarine or with the addition of bay leaves.

15. Korean cuisine It is in many ways similar to Chinese; rice, vegetables, fish, and flour products are also widely used. Pork is consumed in small quantities. The main seasoning is soy. They almost never consume dairy products. Many dishes are prepared in vegetable oil. A unique dish is a dish made from raw fish (heh). Rice, snacks and all condiments are served separately in various bowls and bowls. First courses are consumed for breakfast, lunch and dinner (broths). Fruit dishes are prepared as dessert. They drink beer, chilled and boiled water, and eat a lot of wheat bread. It is not advisable to offer: dairy products, fish delicacies, ham, raw smoked sausages, boiled vegetables, potatoes, rye bread, coffee, cocoa, mineral water.

16. Japanese cuisine mainly from plant products: vegetables (including seaweed), rice, soybeans, beans, as well as fish and seafood. The Japanese love dishes made from beef, pork, lamb, and poultry. The main product is rice. Most dishes are prepared with various spicy seasonings using vegetable and fish oil. Fish is widely used in various forms, including raw. The national dish is sushi (popular rice cakes with slices of raw fish). The main sauce is soy. They eat a lot of fruits, cookies, and drink coffee and green tea without sugar. It is not advisable to offer mineral water. All dishes should be lightly salted.

17. Indian cuisine consists of plant foods: rice, corn, lentils, legumes, vegetables. A large number of spices, herbs, seasonings, sauces. Eating meat is associated with the division of the population by religion into Hindus and Muslims. Muslims do not eat pork, but love lamb and goat meat. Hindus don't eat beef. Yogurt is a popular dairy product. It is used as an independent dish and in marinades. True vegetarian cuisine (followers of Jainism) is common in southern India. They don’t eat there: onions, garlic, tomatoes, beets. The basis of their food is sweet peppers, dates, lentils, and rice. Bread and lentil stew is a staple for breakfast and lunch. In the east of India, in Bengal, the first place on the menu is freshwater fish and a dish of large and small shrimp and lobsters. Fresh and dried fruits, sweets, and ice cream occupy an important place. My favorite drink is strong, hot, black tea (sometimes with milk). It is not advisable to offer mineral water and beef.

18. Mongols They love dishes made from milk, meat products and flour products. Cheeses, curdled milk and drinks are made from milk. My favorite food is milk foam. They do not eat fish dishes. Boiled lamb is widely used. They love lamb broth seasoned with millet, rice, vermicelli or noodles. They willingly eat poultry dishes, sausages, sausages, ham, vegetable salads, and omelettes. They drink compotes and kumiss. The national hot drink is tea. They prefer “slab” tea, strongly brewed, seasoned with milk, butter (or lard) and salt. It is not advisable to offer fish and fish gastronomy, caviar, coffee, cocoa, beer, mineral and fruit water.

19. Cubans They eat a lot of potatoes and rice. The most popular dish is rice with black beans. In large quantities - red and black pepper, bay leaf, cinnamon, hot sauces, tomato paste, vinegar, mayonnaise. Limited - salt. They love pork. A New Year's delicacy is a whole pig roasted on a spit. Lots of sea fish and seafood dishes. They love eggs, sweets, fruits (they like to eat all this for breakfast, lunch and dinner). They also eat beef and poultry. Soup is optional. The national hot drink is strong, sweet coffee, alcoholic rum. They eat a lot of bread and only wheat bread. It is not advisable to offer lamb dishes, salty foods, or rye bread.

20. Americans and Canadians- a mixture of traditions of many nationalities. For Americans, the main place is occupied by food industry products: canned, packaged and ready-to-eat. The main snack is sandwiches. All types of meat and seafood are used. Vegetables, dairy products, eggs, and cereals are widely used. The main hot drink is coffee. When serving Americans, you should take into account that they do not like very hot food, but they like their drinks very chilled. Be sure to drink ice water before meals. Canadians' traditional drink is beer. They eat little bread.

21. Cuisine of the peoples of Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Ecuador and Colombia) widespread use of corn, various vegetables, especially tomatoes, beans, beans. They love corn tortillas with various seasonings. The main seasoning for many dishes is pepper, cheese, and various sauces. They love dishes made from natural meat: beef, pork, fried until half cooked on grills and coals. They love meat sausages (such as Georgian kupat). Another feature is that meat products and fish are not breaded. Side dishes for main courses are served separately. They are usually prepared from vegetables: potatoes, corn, etc. Side dishes are seasoned only with butter, and salads with olive oil. Mayonnaise and sour cream are almost never used. Entrees are limited. Widespread use of seafood and fish. They love fruits, juices, sauces. Hot drink – strong sweet hot coffee and mate. The typical diet is: light breakfast (bun, jam, butter, juice, coffee) and hearty, hearty lunches and dinners. It is not advisable to offer mayonnaise, sour cream, or breaded products.

22. Spain and Portugal They love fish dishes, also beef, veal, lamb, pork. A large number of dishes are prepared from ham and smoked sausages, poultry and eggs. The Portuguese love meat stewed in pots with vegetables, especially beans. Various seasonings are used. Sweet and hot pepper (Chili), garlic, herbs, saffron, cumin. Continental breakfast is preferred. They like soups: cream soup, puree soup, vegetable soup, garlic soup.

Different nations and peoples differ from each other not only in external features, language, culture and way of life, but also have differences in health, that is, they are characterized by various diseases. The determining role of this factor largely belongs to nutrition.
It has long been known that residents of coastal countries suffer less from cardiovascular diseases, among the mountaineers of the Caucasus there are many long-livers, and among residents of southern countries vitamin deficiency is less common. All these features, according to scientists, are caused by the peculiarity of nutrition.
What are the main preferences of different peoples?

The basis of the kitchen UK consists of meat, fish, vegetables, cereals. The most popular first courses are puree soups and broths. When it comes to meat, the British prefer beef, veal, and lean pork. Various sauces (usually tomato) are served with the meat, and potatoes or vegetables are served as a side dish. Various puddings occupy a large place in the British diet. Of the porridges, the British prefer porridge, the famous “oatmeal”. Beer is especially popular among drinks (non-alcoholic, of course, is tea with milk).

German The cuisine features a wide variety of vegetable dishes. Among them, green beans, cauliflower, carrots, red cabbage, boiled potatoes, and legumes are especially popular. Germans eat a lot of pork, poultry, beef and fish, especially sausages and sausages. They consume a lot of eggs. Among the sweet dishes, fruit salads should be noted. Beer is considered the national German drink. Among non-alcoholic drinks, Germans prefer coffee with milk.

Based on traditional cuisine Spain There is simple food: onions, garlic, tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers, herbs. When it comes to soups, Spaniards prefer cream soups; garlic soup is especially popular. Along with beef, veal, pork and young lamb, Spaniards enjoy eating poultry dishes. As for sweet dishes, the Spaniards are especially fond of pies filled with almond cream. The Spaniards drink a lot of natural low-alcohol wine.

IN Italy The national dish is spaghetti, which is served with various sauces, grated cheese or butter. The Italian diet includes not only well-known vegetables - tomatoes, eggplants, zucchini, artichokes, but also lesser known ones - chicory, lettuce, dandelion leaves. When it comes to soups, Italians prefer clear, pureed soups with pasta. They also eat a lot of cheese. Cheese is served with soups, and pizza is made with it. Rice is widely used in Italian cuisine. The national drink of Italians is grape wine.

Extremely rich cuisine China. It includes a variety of products: cereals, vegetables, meat, fish, marine invertebrates, algae, poultry, young bamboo shoots. However, the palm in Chinese cuisine undoubtedly belongs to rice. The Chinese prepare many dishes from soybeans: soybean oil, soybean curd, soy milk, etc. Products made from flour are very popular: noodles, vermicelli, flatbreads, dumplings, sweet cookies. The Chinese eat a lot of vegetables: all types of cabbage, sweet potatoes, potatoes, radishes, onions, garlic, tomatoes. Chinese virtuoso chefs have learned to prepare incredibly tasty dishes from vegetables. The Chinese prefer pork when it comes to meat. Among poultry meats, preference is given to chickens and ducks. Both chicken and duck eggs are also eaten. Fish and seafood are extremely popular. The most common drink is tea, not only black, but also green.

Traditionally, it has been the case that Russia they prefer sour dishes: rye bread, sauerkraut, cranberry kvass, etc. The Russian diet includes many soups: cabbage soup, borscht, solyanka, mushroom, fish, okroshka, botvinya. There is an extremely rich selection of cereals. Russian cuisine is characterized by dishes made from offal: jelly, dishes from the liver, tongue, and kidneys. Fish, previously constantly present on the Russian table, is becoming an increasingly rare dish. Spices on the table usually include dill, parsley, celery, cilantro, onion, garlic, horseradish, and mustard. Among sweet dishes, thick jelly is considered traditionally Russian. Drinks include liquid jelly, kvass, fruit drink, as well as tea, once imported from China and very much loved by Russian people. Among flour dishes, Russian cuisine is famous for pancakes and pies with various fillings. Of course, the table of a modern Russian is not distinguished by a clear commitment to traditional nutrition; new products and new dishes have appeared, borrowed from the cuisine of other countries. According to average statistics, the Russian diet lacks vitamins and many micro- and macroelements, and is dominated by carbohydrates, fats and sugars.

Favorite dishes in USA are fruit and vegetable salads, meat and poultry with vegetable side dishes, fruit desserts. Americans prefer broths and pureed soups as first courses. The most popular meats are beef, lean pork, chicken and turkey. The cuisine is not particularly spicy - all dishes are lightly salted and not too spicy. Vegetables are used as a side dish: beans, beans, peas, corn and potatoes. Americans don't like cereals and pasta. Fast food restaurants are popular in the USA, where you can buy hamburgers, cheeseburgers, hot dogs and other fast food. Americans drink a lot of black coffee, which is usually not very strong. Ginger beer and iced lemon tea are also popular.

Scandinavian countries include Denmark, Sweden, Norway And Finland. Seafood is the basis of Scandinavian cuisine. Salads, first and second courses are prepared from fish, not to mention sandwiches, which are extremely popular in these countries. The sandwich is prepared in several rows from various products. Scandinavians consume a lot of meat, preferring beef, veal, and pork. Another feature of Scandinavian cuisine is the widespread use of milk and dairy products. Porridge and potato dishes are also traditional for them. Scandinavians prefer coffee as a drink.

A characteristic feature of the kitchen France is an abundance of vegetables, especially root vegetables. French cuisine uses all types of meat. Fish and seafood dishes are very popular: shrimp, oysters, lobsters, scallops. The French prefer fruit juices and mineral waters as drinks; coffee is very popular.

IN Japan The basis of the cuisine is plant products, vegetables, rice, fish, seafood. Meat is used, but is not the basis of nutrition. The Japanese's favorite food is rice. Great importance is attached to dishes made from legumes and soybeans. Most Japanese national dishes are served with spicy seasonings made from radishes, radishes and herbs. Salted and pickled vegetables are popular.

From the presented description we can conclude that not all nations eat properly balanced food. Even such a brief overview of the cuisine of different countries indicates the peculiarities of the lifestyle and health of the inhabitants of these countries. So, judging by nutrition, it can be said that Japanese and Mediterranean residents are less at risk of cardiovascular diseases than residents of Russia, Germany or the United States, since the Japanese diet contains a lot of rice, soy, seafood and fish, and Mediterranean residents consume a lot of vegetables , fruits, seafood and dry wine. It is worth taking a closer look at the diet of the residents of these countries and using their nutritional experience. But the health of the people and each individual depends not only on the traditions of national nutrition. Much depends on proper, organized, balanced nutrition.