Nut roll made from puff pastry. Puff pastry products (tubules, gata, nut rolls)

For 75% of women, the last week before menstruation is associated with increased fatigue, emotionality and an insatiable appetite. Clearly expressed symptoms of PMS (premenstrual syndrome) are more often observed among the fair sex, engaged in intellectual activities or living in large cities with developed infrastructure and poor ecology. Read more about the factors of occurrence, signs and means that facilitate this process further in the article.

The second phase of the menstrual cycle in most women is characterized by physical manifestations, which are commonly called premenstrual syndrome or tension. Symptoms of PMS, expressed in a significant deterioration in well-being, occur in 4-8% of women. Changes in mood and general condition 7-10 days before the onset of menstruation occur primarily due to natural hormonal imbalance after ovulation. As a result of scientific research, some patterns of the occurrence of symptoms of premenstrual tension syndrome have been established:

Increased levels of the enzyme monoamine oxidase in the blood causes short-term depression.
Decreased serotonin, which is one of the neurotransmitters responsible for a person’s good mood, becomes the cause of apathy and despondency.
Increased production of the adrenal hormone aldosterone leads to a state of permanent fatigue and changes in taste sensations.

– a cyclically recurring symptom complex observed in the second half of the menstrual cycle (3-12 days before menstruation). It has an individual course and can be characterized by headache, severe irritability or depression, tearfulness, nausea, vomiting, skin itching, swelling, pain in the abdomen and in the heart area, palpitations, etc. Swelling, skin rashes, flatulence, painful engorgement of the mammary glands. In severe cases, neurosis may develop.

General information

Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, are called vegetative-vascular, neuropsychic and metabolic-endocrine disorders that occur during the menstrual cycle (usually in the second phase). Synonyms for this condition found in the literature are the concepts of “premenstrual illness”, “premenstrual tension syndrome”, “cyclic illness”. Every second woman over the age of 30 is familiar with premenstrual syndrome firsthand; in women under 30, this condition occurs somewhat less frequently - in 20% of cases. In addition, manifestations of premenstrual syndrome are usually associated with emotionally unstable, thin, asthenic women who are more often engaged in intellectual activities.

Causes of premenstrual syndrome

The course of the crisis form of premenstrual syndrome is manifested by sympatho-adrenal crises, characterized by attacks of rising blood pressure, tachycardia, heart pain without abnormalities on the ECG, and panic. The end of a crisis is usually accompanied by copious urination. Often attacks are provoked by stress and overwork. The crisis form of premenstrual syndrome can develop from untreated cephalgic, neuropsychic or edematous forms and usually manifests itself after 40 years. The background for the crisis form of premenstrual syndrome is diseases of the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and digestive tract.

Cyclic manifestations of atypical forms of premenstrual syndrome include: increased body temperature (in the second phase of the cycle up to 37.5 ° C), hypersomnia (drowsiness), ophthalmoplegic migraine (headaches with oculomotor disorders), allergic reactions (ulcerative stomatitis and ulcerative gingivitis, asthmatic syndrome, uncontrollable vomiting, iridocyclitis, Quincke's edema, etc.).

When determining the severity of premenstrual syndrome, they proceed from the number of symptomatic manifestations, distinguishing between mild and severe forms of premenstrual syndrome. A mild form of premenstrual syndrome is manifested by 3-4 characteristic symptoms that appear 2-10 days before the onset of menstruation, or by the presence of 1-2 significantly pronounced symptoms. In severe forms of premenstrual syndrome, the number of symptoms increases to 5-12; they appear 3-14 days before the onset of menstruation. Moreover, all of them or several symptoms are significantly expressed.

In addition, an indicator of a severe form of premenstrual syndrome is always a disability, regardless of the severity and number of other manifestations. Decreased ability to work is usually observed in the neuropsychic form of premenstrual syndrome.

It is customary to distinguish three stages in the development of premenstrual syndrome:

compensation stage - symptoms appear in the second phase of the menstrual cycle and disappear with the onset of menstruation; the course of premenstrual syndrome does not progress over the years
subcompensation stage - the number of symptoms increases, their severity worsens, manifestations of PMS accompany the entire menstruation; Premenstrual syndrome becomes more severe with age
stage of decompensation - early onset and late cessation of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome with minor “light” intervals, severe PMS.

Diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome

The main diagnostic criterion for premenstrual syndrome is cyclicality, the periodic nature of complaints arising on the eve of menstruation and their disappearance after menstruation.

The diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome can be made based on the following signs:

State of aggression or depression.
Emotional imbalance: mood swings, tearfulness, irritability, conflict.
Bad mood, feeling of melancholy and hopelessness.
State of anxiety and fear.
Decreased emotional tone and interest in current events.
Increased fatigue and weakness.
Decreased attention, memory impairment.
Changes in appetite and taste preferences, signs of bulimia, weight gain.
Insomnia or drowsiness.
Painful tension in the mammary glands, swelling
Headaches, muscle or joint pain.
Worsening of the course of chronic extragenital pathology.

The manifestation of five of the above signs with the obligatory presence of at least one of the first four allows us to speak with confidence about premenstrual syndrome. An important part of the diagnosis is the patient’s keeping a self-observation diary, in which she should note all disturbances in her well-being over the course of 2-3 cycles.

A study of hormones (estradiol, progesterone and prolactin) in the blood allows us to determine the form of premenstrual syndrome. It is known that the edematous form is accompanied by a decrease in progesterone levels in the second half of the menstrual cycle. Cephalgic, neuropsychic and crisis forms of premenstrual syndrome are characterized by an increase in the level of prolactin in the blood. The prescription of additional diagnostic methods is dictated by the form of premenstrual syndrome and leading complaints.

Severe manifestation of cerebral symptoms (headaches, fainting, dizziness) is an indication for an MRI or CT scan of the brain to exclude focal lesions. EEG results are indicative for neuropsychic, edematous, cephalgic and crisis forms of the premenstrual cycle. In the diagnosis of the edematous form of premenstrual syndrome, an important role is played by measuring daily diuresis, recording the amount of fluid drunk, and conducting tests to study the excretory function of the kidneys (for example, Zimnitsky's test, Rehberg's test). In case of painful engorgement of the mammary glands, an ultrasound of the mammary glands or mammography is necessary to exclude organic pathology.

An examination of women suffering from one or another form of premenstrual syndrome is carried out with the participation of doctors of various specialties: neurologist, therapist, cardiologist, endocrinologist, psychiatrist, etc. Prescribed symptomatic treatment, as a rule, leads to an improvement in well-being in the second half of the menstrual cycle.

Treatment of premenstrual syndrome

In the treatment of premenstrual syndrome, drug and non-drug methods are used. Non-drug therapy includes psychotherapeutic treatment, adherence to work and proper rest, physical therapy, and physiotherapy. An important point is to maintain a balanced diet with sufficient amounts of plant and animal protein, plant fiber, and vitamins. In the second half of the menstrual cycle, you should limit the consumption of carbohydrates, animal fats, sugar, salt, caffeine, chocolate, and alcoholic beverages.

Drug treatment is prescribed by a medical specialist, taking into account the leading manifestations of premenstrual syndrome. Since neuropsychic manifestations are expressed in all forms of premenstrual syndrome, almost all patients are advised to take sedative (sedative) drugs several days before the expected onset of symptoms. Symptomatic treatment of premenstrual syndrome involves the use of painkillers, diuretics, and antiallergic drugs.

The leading place in the drug treatment of premenstrual syndrome is occupied by specific hormonal therapy with progesterone analogues. It should be remembered that the treatment of premenstrual syndrome is a long process, sometimes continuing throughout the entire reproductive period, requiring internal discipline from the woman and strict compliance with all doctor’s instructions.

Premenstrual syndrome, or PMSare called vegetative-vascular, neuropsychic and metabolic-endocrine disorders that occur during the menstrual cycle (usually in the second phase). Synonyms for this condition found in the literature are the concepts of “premenstrual illness”, “premenstrual tension syndrome”, “cyclic illness”.

Every second woman over the age of 30 is familiar with premenstrual syndrome firsthand; in women under 30, this condition occurs somewhat less frequently - in 20% of cases. In addition, manifestations of premenstrual syndrome are usually associated with emotionally unstable, thin, asthenic women who are more often engaged in intellectual activities.

Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome:

Based on the leading symptoms accompanying premenstrual syndrome, the following forms of disorders are distinguished:neuropsychiatric, cephalgic, edematous, crisis, atypical.

For the neuropsychiatric form of premenstrual syndrome disturbances in the emotional and nervous spheres are characteristic: insomnia, weakness, mood instability, irritability, tearfulness, aggression, fatigue, causeless melancholy, depression (even suicidal thoughts), unreasonable feelings of fear, sexual disorders, auditory and olfactory disorders, dizziness. Against the background of neuropsychiatric disorders, disturbances in appetite, flatulence (bloating), pain and engorgement of the mammary glands are also observed.

In the clinical picture of the cephalgic form of premenstrual syndrome The leading ones are vegetative-vascular and neurological symptoms: migraine-like headaches, diarrhea, palpitations, pain in the heart, hypersensitivity to smells and sounds, nervousness, insomnia. A characteristic headache is throbbing in the temples, accompanied by swelling of the eyelids, nausea and vomiting. The cephalgic form of premenstrual syndrome often develops in women with a complicated history, who have suffered traumatic brain injuries, neuroinfections, and severe stress. Of the associated pathologies, these women usually suffer from cardiovascular pathology, hypertension, and gastrointestinal diseases.

For the edematous form of premenstrual syndrome The leading manifestation is interstitial fluid retention and associated swelling of the face and extremities, weight gain, thirst, and decreased urination. In addition, engorgement of the mammary glands, itchy skin, indigestion (flatulence, constipation, diarrhea), headaches and joint pain, etc. are noted.

The course of the crisis form of premenstrual syndrome manifests itself as sympatho-adrenal crises, characterized by attacks of rising blood pressure, tachycardia, heart pain without abnormalities on the ECG, and panic. The end of a crisis is usually accompanied by copious urination. Often attacks are provoked by stress and overwork. The crisis form of premenstrual syndrome can develop from untreated cephalgic, neuropsychic or edematous forms and usually manifests itself after 40 years. The background for the crisis form of premenstrual syndrome is diseases of the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and digestive tract.

To cyclical manifestations atypical forms of premenstrual syndrome include: increased body temperature (in the second phase of the cycle up to 37.5 ° C), hypersomnia (drowsiness), ophthalmoplegic migraine (headaches with oculomotor disturbances), allergic reactions (ulcerative stomatitis and ulcerative gingivitis, asthmatic syndrome, indomitable vomiting, iridocyclitis, Quincke's edema, etc.).

Often these forms of premenstrual syndrome do not exist in isolation, so treatment for PMS is usually symptomatic.

When determining the severity of premenstrual syndrome, they proceed from the number of symptomatic manifestations, distinguishing between mild and severe forms of premenstrual syndrome:

A mild form of premenstrual syndrome is manifested by 3-4 characteristic symptoms that appear 2-10 days before the onset of menstruation, or by the presence of 1-2 significantly pronounced symptoms.

In severe forms of premenstrual syndrome, the number of symptoms increases to 5-12, they appear 3-14 days before the onset of menstruation. Moreover, all of them or several symptoms are significantly expressed.

It is customary to distinguish three stages in the development of premenstrual syndrome:

compensation stage - symptoms appear in the second phase of the menstrual cycle and disappear with the onset of menstruation; the course of premenstrual syndrome does not progress over the years
subcompensation stage - the number of symptoms increases, their severity worsens, manifestations of PMS accompany the entire menstruation; Premenstrual syndrome becomes more severe with age
stage of decompensation - early onset and late cessation of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome with minor “light” intervals, severe PMS.

The main diagnostic criterion Premenstrual syndrome is cyclical, the periodic nature of complaints arising on the eve of menstruation and their disappearance after menstruation.

The diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome can be made based on the following signs:

State of aggression or depression.
Emotional imbalance: mood swings, tearfulness, irritability, conflict.
Bad mood, feeling of melancholy and hopelessness.
State of anxiety and fear.
Decreased emotional tone and interest in current events.
Increased fatigue and weakness.
Decreased attention, memory impairment.
Changes in appetite and taste preferences, signs of bulimia, weight gain.
Insomnia or drowsiness.
Painful tension in the mammary glands, swelling
Headaches, muscle or joint pain.
Worsening of the course of chronic extragenital pathology.

The manifestation of five of the above signs with the obligatory presence of at least one of the first four allows us to speak with confidence about premenstrual syndrome.

An important part of the diagnosis is the patient’s keeping a self-observation diary, in which she must note all disturbances in her well-being over the course of 2-3 cycles.

The prescription of additional diagnostic methods is dictated by the form of premenstrual syndrome and leading complaints.

Severe manifestation of cerebral symptoms (headaches, fainting, dizziness) is an indication for an MRI or CT scan of the brain to exclude focal lesions.

EEG results are indicative for neuropsychic, edematous, cephalgic and crisis forms of the premenstrual cycle.

In the diagnosis of the edematous form of premenstrual syndrome, an important role is played by measuring daily diuresis, recording the amount of fluid drunk, and conducting tests to study the excretory function of the kidneys (for example, Zimnitsky's test, Rehberg's test).

In case of painful engorgement of the mammary glands, an ultrasound of the mammary glands or mammography is necessary to exclude organic pathology.

Examination of women suffering from one or another form of premenstrual syndrome is carried out with the participation of doctors of various specialties: neurologist, therapist, cardiologist, endocrinologist, psychiatrist, etc. Prescribed symptomatic treatment, as a rule, leads to an improvement in well-being in the second half of the menstrual cycle.

In the treatment of premenstrual syndrome medicinal and non-medicinal methods are used.

Non-drug therapy includes psychotherapeutic treatment, adherence to work and proper rest, physical therapy, and physiotherapy. An important point is to maintain a balanced diet with sufficient amounts of plant and animal protein, plant fiber, and vitamins. In the second half of the menstrual cycle, you should limit the consumption of carbohydrates, animal fats, sugar, salt, caffeine, chocolate, and alcoholic beverages.

The leading place in the drug treatment of premenstrual syndrome is occupied by specific hormonal therapy with progesterone analogues.

It should be remembered that the treatment of premenstrual syndrome is a long process, sometimes continuing throughout the entire reproductive period, requiring internal discipline from the woman and strict compliance with all doctor’s instructions.

In women, this condition usually develops a few days before their period and is called “premenstrual syndrome.”

Unpleasant symptoms

This condition is familiar to most women. Many of them, several days (from one to 14) before the onset of menstruation, complain of:

In addition to physical discomfort, women may feel:

irritability and aggression;
tearfulness, bad mood;
a sharp increase or decrease in sexuality;
memory impairment;
sleep disorders.

These manifestations disappear immediately after the onset of menstruation or in the first days after it.

Where does it come from?

It is believed that the condition is based on hormonal disorders, namely the excessive production of female sex hormones, which leads to disruption of the neuroendocrine regulation of various organs and systems of the body.

There is a point of view that nagging pain in the lower abdomen appears because the endometrial rejection has already begun in the uterus, which occurs during menstruation, and the cervix has not yet opened, which leads to the accumulation of blood and mucous fragments in the uterus, its overstretching and, accordingly, pain .

According to researchers, premenstrual syndrome most often develops in women between 26 and 45 years of age, and the severity of manifestations usually increases with age. Also, PMS is more often observed in women with mental work, in the presence of occupational hazards, as well as in chronic diseases of various organs and systems.

How to relieve PMS

PMS is a typical female ailment and, unfortunately, we cannot get rid of it, but we can alleviate it. To make it easier to overcome premenstrual irritation, a woman should monitor her health not only on the eve of her period.

1. Contact the specialists:

visit a gynecologist and get tested to identify hormonal disorders;
in case of severe emotional disturbances, consult a neurologist;
Since diseases of other endocrine glands can worsen the condition, visit an endocrinologist.

2. Depending on the severity and duration of PMS manifestations, start taking medications prescribed by your doctor in advance (2-3 days in advance):

if you have severe pain, antispasmodics will help you;
good means are aimed at normalizing the activity of the autonomic nervous system;
normalize the functioning of the central nervous system during PMS with the simplest sedatives - preparations of plant origin: motherwort, valerian, peppermint;
the doctor may recommend that you take oral contraceptives, which eliminate discomfort on the eve of menstruation;
in case of excessively heavy menstrual bleeding, a decoction of raspberry leaves (or adding them to brewed tea) has a good effect.

3. It is important to follow some nutritional principles a few days before the onset of menstruation:

try to drink less strong tea and coffee;
limit fluid intake (up to 1.5 liters per day);
Add less salt to your food;
limit the consumption of potassium-rich foods: raisins, dried apricots, potatoes;
try to eat less fatty foods;
exclude spices, hot seasonings, and alcohol from your diet;
try to give up meat and dairy products.

4. At least a week before and during your period, your diet should include plenty of calcium-rich foods. There is a lot of calcium in fresh green leafy vegetables: spinach, lettuce, cabbage, parsley. It is recommended to take multivitamins (especially those containing vitamins A, B and E). It is equally important to consume seafood, grains and nuts, which are rich in macro- and microelements.

5. To prevent PMS, proper rest and sleep are important.

6. It is important to fall asleep before 23.00, because it is at this time that hormones are produced and later falling asleep disrupts the processes of neuroendocrine regulation. It's better to sleep in a cool room. IN Get enough sleep and rest before and during your period.

7. Walk more, breathe clean air, but heavy physical labor should be limited.

8. Try to quit smoking.

9. Take a contrast shower in the morning and evening. Complete the procedure with cool water. A 15-minute bath with a water temperature of 38-39 °C with a decoction of peppermint, chamomile and horehound (1:1:1) will help reduce premenstrual tension. After this, rub lavender or lemon wormwood oil into your lower back.

10. Try to worry and be less nervous.

11. During PMS, as during all periods, you should not go to the bathhouse. High temperature can cause severe pain, and menstruation will be delayed.

12. Breathing exercises and relaxation are good for strengthening the nervous system. Relax, close your eyes, concentrate and try to mentally drive away the illness.